“Generosity is that which is by one´s initiative, because giving on asking is either by way of self-respected or to avoid rebuke.” (1)
The promised Messiah or Saviour will rule the world with justice and equality for all humanity. Nobody will suffer of hunger or will be oppressed by others. He will avoid tyranny, and his appearance will mean the end of the corruption of the economic, social and political system of today´s world. He will propitiate an equal distribution of world´s resources. He will appoint wise political leader to govern with transparency and honesty, following the Will of God on earth.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the dramatic situation of the stateless and internally displaced people in our world today before the appearance of the Mahdi (Pubh) or Saviour and to present some of the values and principles that will have to be implemented in order to avoid this suffering to millions of people that do not have access to food, to medical assistance and not even have a place to die.
I.-The four most relevant sacred emigrations in the past. God´s promises to their unshakeable faith.
ABRAHAM
“His sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron, son of Zohar the Hititte, east of Mamre, the field that Abraham purchase from the Hitittes. There Abraham was buried, with his wife Sarah.” (2)
Abraham is the Patriarch of the three Semitic religions and the oldest representative of monotheism. He is also the archetype of prophetic religions and a friend of God. Father of Ishmael, his first-born child, who founded the Kaaba together with him as central sanctuary of the One God; and father of Isaac.
From the spiritual point of view, Abraham and Ishmael are the exemplary figures of the entire system of the pilgrimage.
Now the Lord said to Abraham , “Go from your country and your kindred and your father´s house to the land that I will show you, I will make of you’re a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and the one that curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.” (3)
Abraham abandoned the land of his fathers without a complaint, without conditions. He took his wife Sarah and his nephew, Lot, the son of his brother, and left with all the chattels he had earned and the household members that he had acquired in Aram Naharayim, heading for Canaan. At that time, the Canaanites were in the country. Abraham crossed Canaan and headed for the sacred site of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh.
Hunger assailed the land and Abraham had to go down into Egypt seeking pasture and food. From Egypt, on his continuous peregrinations, he went back once more to the Negev accompanied by his wife and Lot, but the land no longer made it possible for them to remain together because his chattels had multiplied and quarrels usually broke out between the shepherds of Abraham and those of Lot.
The Lord said to Abraham, after Lot had separated from him:
“Raise your eyes now, and look from the place where you are, northward and southward and eastward and westward, for all the land that your see I will give to you and to your offspring forever.” (4)
Abraham believed in God and understood faith as “being firm”, not as “holding to be true” what could not be demonstrated; rather, it was an unyielding faith in a promise that could not be fulfilled by human means. He was a man who, on the basis of that faith, was capable of surmounting the greatest tests to which he was submitted, down to the extreme measure of sacrificing his own son.
After Moses, Abraham is the most-cited Biblical figure. And in the Qur´an he is mentioned in twenty five Suras, whereby the fourteenth Sura bears his name.
When Abraham´s Lord tested him with certain commandments, which he fulfilled, He said, “I will make you a leader of people. Abraham asked, “And will You make leaders from my descendants too? God answered, “My pledge does not hold for those who do evil.” (5)
MOSES
He is the most often cited Old Testament character. Many see him as the founder of the Jewish religion. His name is Egyptian, although probably he was not Egyptian but Semitic. Moses led the Israelites in their exodus from Egypt.
Then the Lord said: “ I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt; I have heard their cry…...Indeed, I know their sufferings, and I have come down to deliver them from the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, a land flowing with milk and honey..(…).”(6)
He led the march of his “tribes” through the desert and conducted them towards an uncertain future. He was sustained only by his deep faith in God and in the fulfilment of his mission, accepted with a profound submission and obedience towards the divine commands. He knew that he had to fulfil the will of God, and he did not doubt at any time that that will was good for his people.
Moses said, “Pharaoh, I am a messenger from the Lord of all the Worlds, duty-bound to say nothing about God but the truth, and I have brought a clear sign from your Lord. Let the Children of Israel go with me.” (7)
Nowadays, no one will argue that the Fathers of Israel came from the desert and were nomads. Their nomadism simultaneously encompasses conquest, immigration and constructive social revolution within a coherent and absolutely structured social, political and religious model.
Through his faith and by fulfilling the will of God, he initiated and led this process of social, political and economic change played out by a group of emigrants leaving Egypt in order to “be free men”, guided by the power of God.
JESUS OF NAZARETH
The Flight to Egypt represents the displaced, the emigrants, the homeless, all those persons who, for political, social or economic reasons find themselves forced to abandon their land and the land of their fathers to save their lives.
Now after they have left, an angel of Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Get up, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you; for Herod is about to search for the child, to destroy him.”(8).
Without waiting for dawn, he prepared to flee to Egypt. The journey must have been gruelling and very hard, but nonetheless he was faithful to the words of the angel and the will of God, he made the preparations, and he trusted in the goodness of the Lord.
Egypt, as we know, was the classic country of political refuge in that time, being a Roman province. There were many Jews there, flourishing colonies and districts inhabited by them. There is no data specifying where they settled upon reaching Egypt.
Herod, fearful of a Messianic plot, gave the brutal order to kill all male children younger than two years of age in the town of Bethlehem, an order that was fulfilled and which went down in history as “the massacre of the Holy Innocents”.
“Thus says the Lord: “A voice is hear in Ramah, lamentation and bitter weeping, Rachel is weeping for her children; she refuses to be comforted for her children, because they are no more. (9)
Once more, as he rested, the angel appeared to him in dreams and announced that he could return already, as Herod had died.
“Get up, take the child and his mother and go back to the land of Israel, for those who were seeking the child ´s life are dead.” Then Joseph got up, took the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel. (10)
The flight to Egypt is the icon of emigration of a family, the emigration that causes hunger, wars, social marginalization and persecution. Jesus began his peregrinations as a child and became an emigrant , a refugee, someone who had to abandon his land to save his life.
MUHAMMAD (PBUH)
In the Islamic history and tradition, Ethiopia is known as the “Haven of the First Migration of Hijra.” Ethiopia was the country chosen by the Prophet (Pbuh) when his followers needed protection and freedom from oppression.
After the conversion of Hamza, the Companions of the Prophet (Pbuh) began to offer prayers publicly. In turn the Quraysh intensified their opposition by torturing the Muslims. The companions and relatives of the Prophet (Pbuh) were prepared to sacrifice and suffer all sorts of hardship and alienation rather that give up their own convictions and freedom.
“Those who believe, who migrated and strove hard in God´s way with their possessions and their persons, are in God´s eyes much higher in rank; it is they who will triumph; and their Lord gives them the good news of His mercy and pleasure , Gardens where they will have lasting bliss” . (11)
The Prophet (Pbuh) slowly began to attract some followers, most of them young and modest social standing, including his cousin Ali (Pbuh), the son of his uncle and protector Abu Talib.
When Muhammad (Pbuh) began to impugn the traditional polytheism of his native town, the rich and powerful merchants of Mecca realized that the religious revolution taking place might be disastrous for their own interest.
Members of the two warring tribes the Banu Awz and the Banu Khazraj, asked the Prophet (Pbuh) to act as peacemaker in a conflict between them. His mediation was impeccable and revealed great political wisdom. In the Prophet (Pbuh), prophetic mission and political ability complemented each other, making him a statesman apart from Messenger of God.
The First Migration of the companions and relatives of the Prophet (Pbuh) to Ethiopia celebrates the birth of freedom of expression and beliefs, whereas, the Second Migration of the Prophet (Pbuh) to Madinah celebrates the end of oppression.
History has shown that both migrations have laid down the foundations of the Islam as an universal religion. They accepted the universality of the message of the Prophet (Pbuh) and the Qu´ran describes their belief in these words:
This people are not given to arrogance and when they listen to what has been sent down to the Messenger, you will see their eyes overflowing with tears because they recognize the Truth. They say, “Our Lord, we believe, so count us amongst the witnesses.” (12)
The Holy Scriptures tell us that the lives of God’s Chosen are sustained by two fundamental pillars: one, their nomadic existence, and the other, their faith in God.
“Provide yourself for the journey because the call for departure has been announced…(…).You should therefore cut away all the attachments of this world and assist yourself with the provision of Allah´s fear.” (13)
Through their absolute faith in God, they progressively live their faith and their reality in perfect coherence with the promises received from God. And this opens them to a new and transcendent hope that keeps them tensing towards a future that they are called to built, knowing that the promise will come true in the same process and that it will be God who makes it so, even in the most adverse human conditions. And it will come true unexpectedly, because their faith in the promise advances inseparably from their faith in God.
II. Emigration and mass movements in the world today
World stateless people
Recent research suggest that may be eleven million people globally without a country to “call their own”.
Article I of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons spells out the legal definition, indicating that, “someone who is not a national of any state under relevant laws is therefore stateless.”
Parents cannot officially register the birth of a newborn baby. He or she may not be able to attend school or university and when these people die, they will be buried in an anonymous burial without official recognition, like if they never existed. People who do not have a country to call their own.
The issue of statelessness is politically sensitive in many affected countries and often viewed as an internal problem. Doubt to this many governments have not made accurate figure what makes it very difficult to really know the magnitude of the actual problem.
They became stateless through a very complicated series of political, legal, or administrative directives, which includes among others: Arbitrary deprivation of nationality by a government; Administrative oversight, misunderstandings or conflicts of law; Administrative procedural problems.
Several international and regional treaties offer a degree of guidance and emphasize that everyone should have a nationality. However, international support of these treaties has been lethargic and needs to be strengthened. Fewer governments know the precise magnitude of the problem in their countries.
Internally Displaced People
They are the world´s largest group of vulnerable people. The overall number of internally displaced people is around 25 million in 52 countries and that half of them are in Africa.
The definition of the internally displaced describes them “as persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict.
The internally displaced often face a very difficult situation because they may be trapped into the ongoing internal conflict of their own country. Their governments retains ultimate control of their fate.
Competent authorities have the primary duty and responsibility to establish conditions, as well as provide the means, which allow internally displaced persons to return voluntarily, in safety and with dignity, to their home or places of habitual residence.
III.- Poverty and Globalization
POVERTY AND HUNGER
“Take away from this world your hearts before your bodies go out of it, because herein you have been put on a trial, and you have been created for the other world.” (14)
According to the latest data facilitated by the FAO, there are now 854 million malnourished and hungry persons in the world and another 100 million on the verge of becoming so.
The UN calls this drama that causes the death of 25,000 human beings every day, among them one malnourished baby every five seconds, a “silent tsunami”. As a result of the lack of food in a fair part of the planet and the rising prices of the last three decade, reality is got worst. (El Mundo, Editorial, June 6th 2008)
The FAO, which, since 1945, has held the mandate for guaranteeing food security, spent several million of euros in gathering together representatives from 183 countries at the Food Summit, which concluded last 5th of June in Rome with “disappointing results”, according to the majority of attending observers and experts. The result was a paltry declaration of intentions that skirted around the fundamental problems. (El País, International, June 6th 2008)
The FAO and the international community have given evident signs that they are not prepared to govern a business that kills millions of people from starvation. Behind the almost 72 hours of diplomatic discussions in Rome lies a terrible reality: almost a fifth part of the population on our planet does not have anything to eat.
“O´ibne Hunaif I have come to know that a young man of Basra invited you to a feast and you leapt towards it. Foods of different colours were being chosen for you and big bowls were being given to you. I never thought you would accept the feast of a people who turn out the beggars and invite de rich.” (15)
Emigration
In 2007 the total number of both refugee and internally displace people came to approximately 32.9 million persons. The phenomenon of emigration today occupies international attention and public debate in numerous countries.
Which of these three, do you think, was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers? He said the one who showed him mercy.” Jesus said to him, “Go and do likewise.”(16)
The change of millennium has come accompanied by an intense revitalization in international migratory currents, to the point of making this phenomenon, along with the free movement of capital, one of the characteristic features of our current reality: globalization. A greater international freedom in the flow of trade and the movement of capital in the world logically demands a greater and growing freedom of movement for people in the world.
“The poor emigrants who were driven from their homes and possessions, who seek God´s favour and approval, those who help God and His Messenger - these are the ones who are true. “ (17)
Emigration is one of the fundamental dimensions of the globalization process that we are living. It is likewise a result of the rupture of traditional and collective ties, as well as the absence of collective and individual projects for progress in the country of origin. This is the reason why the phenomenon increases in the cases of social crisis and decomposition in the affected countries.
He postrated himself at Jesus feet and thanked him. An he was a Samaritan. Then Jesus asked, “Were not ten made clean? But the other nine, where are they? Was none of them found to return and give praise to God except this foreigner.” (18)
We are confronted with a growing and lasting phenomenon. It is not a question of tolerance, is a question of respect for the dignity of all human beings, regardless of their social situation, ethnic origin, nationality, religion, or any other difference. Only then will peaceful coexistence and the construction of a just and free global society be possible.
“What will you do with this vast house in this world, although you need this house more in the next world. If you want to take it to the next world you could entertain in it guest and be regardful of kinship and discharge all (your) obligations according to their accrual. In this way you will be able to take it to the next world. (19)
Who rules de world
One of the rulers of our world today, perhaps the most powerful, is the G20.
The G20 is a group consisting of 19 of the world´s largest economies, together with the European Union. This Economies are the following: US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Canada, Russia, Japan, South Africa, China, Brazil, Australia, Argentina, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Turkey.
“Together, this countries, account for 90% of the world gross product and over 80% of the world trade. Added to this, with their combined voting power in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, these countries completely dominate these institutions.” (The New Ruling Aristocracy of the World? , Shawn Hattingh)
“No one can serve two masters; for a slave will either hate the one and love the other, or be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth.” (20)
We live in a world with an economic system organized for the profit of the few. More and more people in the world are becoming aware of this situation that is affecting their lives and the society as a whole.
Evidence is mounting that economic growth and free trade are not leading us toward economic and justice and environmental sustainability. To the contrary, they are taking us in the direction of increasing economic injustice and environmental un-sustainability.
Capitalism in the age of the new digital technology produced hundreds of new billionaires in the world, meanwhile, three billion people, nearly half of the world, lived on less that $2 per day.
Jesus looked at him and said, “How hard it is for those who have wealth to enter the kingdom of God! Indeed, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God.” (21)
The world´s most powerful instrument of governance is not a government, nor is a global corporation, rather is a global financial system, running dangerously out of control.
A poor widow came and put in two small copper coins, which are worth a penny. Then he called his disciples and said to them: “Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put in more than all those who are contributing to the treasury. For all of then contributed out of their abundance; but she out of her poverty has put in everything she had, all she had to live on.” (22)
Another type of Globalization
Means an integrated and supportive economy that woks for peace and not for war. We know from experience which are the results of wars. Wars provoke more poverty and more hunger in the world. A real global economy cannot accept that millions of people in the world suffer from hunger and lack or food as they suffer today. Our first task is the humanization of our societies and this means working continuously on different fronts at the same time.
“Beware practicing your piety before others in order to be seen by them; …(…). But when you give alms, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, so that your alms may be done in secret…(…).” (23)
Opening ourselves to global communication in an open and sincere dialogue will make us see that our problems are not so different from the problems of the other people. We will then see that unity creates the necessary strength and capability to change the urgent matters that have to be changed soon.
IV.-International Responsability
Political and social leaders.
“……(…..) Certainly, Allah, the Sublime, has made it obligatory on true leaders that they should maintain themselves at the level of low people so that the poor do not cry over their poverty.” (24)
The management of global issues in the 21st century will require the active participation of all members of the international community. The developing countries with 80 per cent of the world´s population, must be part of a shared vision for this new century. The success or failure of poor people and poor countries in making their way in an interdependent world will have a profound influence in shaping the 21stCentury.
One should chose to be among the persecuted, rather than the persecutors. (25)
The heads of States and Governments representative, gathered together at the United Nations General Assembly in New York between the 6th and the 8th of September 2000, adopted the “United Nations Millennium Declaration”.
Allow me to highlight one of the most relevant points that make reference to “dignity, equality, equity, vulnerable people and extreme poverty”.
- “We recognize that, in addition to our separate responsibilities to our individual societies,, we have a collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level. As leaders we have a duty therefore to all the world´s people, specially the most vulnerable and, in particular children of the world, to whom futures belongs. (Values and Principles, Point I, paragraph 2)
Here is my servant, whom I uphold my chosen, in who my soul delights; I have put my Spirit upon him; he will bring forth justice to nations.” (26)
As long as there is a contradiction between the stands of righteous and the corrupt ways of worldly societies, there will be those righteous people who will rise up and call society and their rulers to account. This people will put their lives at risk to speak out for the welfare of the community.
“If however, you warn the righteous not to sin, and they do not sin, they shall surely live, because they took warning; and you will have saved your life.” (27)
All authorities and international actors shall respect and ensure respect for their obligations under international law, including human rights and humanitarian law, in all circumstances.
“Enter through the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road is easy that leads to destruction, and there are many who take it. For the gate is narrow and the road is hard that leads to life, and there are few who find it”. (28)
The chief concern of any government should be the welfare of its citizens. Therefore the ruler, and hence the government, should be like parent to the people, putting their concerns and needs ahead of his own. The ruler should give his highest consideration to the poor and provide them sufficient means of support. Such a government will be respected by the people, who then will easily submit to its rule.
Guardianship is not to give an order but to give one´s self. (29)
Government should operate impartially and with integrity. Its leaders should be honest, moral, and virtuous people, who will no take bribes or act corruptly. Because people look up to a nation´s leaders as role models, they should set a good example for people.
“The best deed of a great man is to forgive and forget. “ (30)
Religious Leaders
Argue only in the best way with the People of the Book, except with those of them who act unjustly. Say, “We believe in what was revealed to us and in what was revealed to you: our God and your God are one (and the same); we are devoted to Him.” (31)
Syria´s Grand Mufti Ahmad Badr Al-Din Hassoun opening his address to Members of the European Parliament, on Tuesday 15th of January 2008, saying:
“Religion gives civilization its moral values but culture is something that we built”, he stressed adding that religion “is the work of God” whereas civilization is created by mankind.
“We do not believe, in our region, in the multiplicity of religions. Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mohamed (Pbuh) came with one single religion”. Therefore, “there is no holy war, because a war can never be holy; it is peace that is holy”.
Then they came up and laid hands upon Jesus and seized him. And Behold, one of those who were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his sword, and struck the slave of the high priest, and cut off this ear. Then Jesus said to him, “Put your sword back into its place; for all who take the sword will perish buy the sword.” (32)
Interreligious dialogue recognizes the plurality of the world´s religious systems as a valuable resource for discovering and working together toward a common goals.
Dialogue begins with the willingness to question and to be questioned. Dialogue requires an effort to comprehend the inherent value of difference in this complex global society. Dialogue is the only instrument to achieve a real peaceful world based on mutual respect and understanding.
“All states shall take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief ….(…..) All states shall make all efforts to enact or rescind legislation where necessary to prohibit any such discrimination.” (33)
Civil Society
We live in a society that we call developed, a society that produces great masses of scorned, exploited, hungry human beings; a society whose supreme value is money. A society that has achieved an unparalleled technological development during the last few decades and that possesses the sufficient economic, cultural and spiritual capacity to achieve a more just and supportive universal social order for all, without excluding anybody.
“No one of you is a believer until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.” (34)
The pillars of society are those people who provide its spiritual and moral vision to the society . They are righteous people with courage who realize the truth within themselves and are willing to take responsibility for their community.
We are all conscious today that our world has become a virtual communicational unity, that its nations and regions are increasingly economically interdependent, and that war is insanely destructive. The survival of the human family requires urgently the articulation of ethical principles.
“Treat people in such a way and live amongst them in such a manner that if you die the will weep over you; alive they crave for your company.”(35)
V.- Guiding Principles from the Book of Ben Sira
Duties toward the Poor and the Oppressed (36)
My child, do not cheat the poor of their living, and do not keep needy eyes waiting.
Do not grieve the hungry, or anger one in need.
Do not add to the troubles of the desperate, or delay giving to the needy.
Do not reject a suppliant in distress, o turn your face away from the poor.
Prudence and Common Sense (37)
“Do not contend with the powerful, or you may fall into their hands.
Do not quarrel with the rich, in case their resources outweigh yours; for gold has ruined many, and has perverted the minds of kings.
Concerning rulers (38)
A wise magistrate educates his people, and the rule of an intelligent person is well ordered.
As the people´s judge is, so are his officials; as the ruler of the city is, so are all its inhabitants.
The government of the earth is in the hand of the Lord, and over it He will raise up the right leader for the time.
Human success is in the hand of the Lord, and it is he who confers honor upon the lawgiver.
Concerning humility (39)
The poor are honored for their knowledge, while the rich are honored for their wealth.
One who is honored in poverty, how much more in wealth!
An one dishonored in wealth, how much more in poverty!
Responsible use of wealth (40)
If one is mean to himself, to whom he will be generous? He will not enjoy his own riches.
No one is worse than one who is grudging to himself; this is the punishment for his meanness.
The miser is an evil person; he turns away and disregards people.
Do good to friends before you die, and reach out and give to them as much as you can.
The temptations of Commerce (41)
A merchant can hardly keep from wrongdoing, nor is a tradesman innocent of sin. As a stake is driven firmly into a fissure between stones, so sin is wedged in between selling and buying.
If a person is not steadfast in the fear of the Lord, his house will be quickly overthrown.
VI.-Final Comments
By faith we believe and understand that the worlds were created by the Word of God.
By faith Enoch was taken so that he did no experience death.
By faith Noah, warned by God about events yet not seen he built the ark to save his household.
By faith, Abraham obeyed when he was called to set out for a place that he was to receive as an inheritance and he set out not knowing where he was going.
By faith Moses left Egypt without fear of Pharao´s anger and he lead the people through the dessert to the promised land.
Without faith is no possible to please God.
It is hard to believe that science, technology, politics and economics can effectively offer a unifying vision of the complexity of our world today and find the solutions to our everyday increasing problems.
Our world is in a state of imbalance created by man´s misuse. The appearance of the Mahdi (Pbuh) or Saviour will restore and balance the earth.
We have to be prepared to change our present modes of living to ensure the future of mankind in this world. Adequate our needs according to the needs of all people of the world and enter in a new and truthful understanding of the meaning of sharing.
The Mahdi (Pbuh) or Saviour, knows that deep in the hearts of men is the aspiration for justice and love, but we need to end with the fear that stop us from living according to the light of God.
Today, from all corners of our planet we hear the cry of despair of displace people, stateless people, emigrants; no matter how we call them, they suffer from the same disease: poverty , hunger, isolation and scorn.
Among His most important concerns is the welfare of the poor and dispossessed. Half the world´s populations enter this category and present an enormous challenge to the goodwill of men. The Mahdi (Pbuh) or Saviour of the world will inspire the goodwill that will put an end to injustice and corruption.
Slowly, people will become aware that to share the resources of the world is in their own best interests and will willingly accept the need. This will end the suffering of the poor.
“Teacher, which commandment in the law is the greatest?” He said to him, “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.” This is the greatest and first commandment. And a second is like it: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.” (42)
Are we moving forward towards the Mahdi (Pbuh) or Saviour of the World most important concern?
VI.-Bibliography
-The Qur´an, a new translation, M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, 2004, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York,m USA.
-The Spiritual Formation Bible, 2006 Harper and Collins Publishers, United Kingdom.
-Ibn Talib, Ali , Nahjol Balgha, Compiled by: Sayyid Shareef Ar. Razi, 2003, Ansariyan Publication, Qum, Islamic Republic of Irán
-Küng Hans, El Judaismo, pasado presente y futuro, 1993, Editorial Trotta, S.A., Madrid.
-Küng, Hans, El Islam, historia, presente, futuro, 2006, Editorial Trotta, S.A., Madrid.
-Küng, Hans, El Cristianismo, esencia e historia, 1997, Editorial Trotta, S.A., Madrid.
-Ayúcar, R. MIguel, El Evangelio y los Santos de las Grandes Religiones, Editorial Alpuerto, S.A., Madrid.
- Beck, Ulrico, La sociedad del riesgo global, 2006, Siglo XXI de España Editores, S.A. Madrid.
-Corm, Georges, La fractura imaginaria, las falsas raíces del enfrentamiento entre Oriente y Occidente, 2004 Tusquets Editores, S.A., Barcelona.
-Al Hambali, Ibn Rayab, Compendio de Conocimiento y Sabiduría, 2004, International Islamic Publising House, Riyadh.
VII.-Notes
(1) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh), Saying 53, Najhol-Balagha
(2) Genesis 25, 9-10
(3) Genesis 12, 1-3
(4) Genesis 13, 14-15
(5) Qur´an, Sura 2, 124
(6) Exodus 3,7-8
(7) Qur´an 7, Sura 7,104-105
(8) Matthew 2, 20-21
(9) Jeremiah 31, 15
(10) Matthew 2, 20-21
(11) Qur´an, Sura 9, 20-21
(12) Qurán, Sura 5, 82-83
(13) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh) Sermón 203, Najhol-Balagha
(14) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh) Sermón 202, Najhol-Balagha
(15) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh) Letter 45, Nahjol-Balagha
(16) Luke 10, 36-37
(17) Qur´an, Sura 59,8
(18) Luke 17, 12; 16-18
(19) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh) Sermon 208, Najhol-Balagha
(20) Matthew 12, 24
(21) Luke 18, 24-25
(22) Mark 12, 42-44
(23) Matthew 6,1;3-4
(24) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh) Sermon 208, Nahjol-Balagha
(25) Talmud, Baba Kamma 93a
(26) Isaiah 42,1
(27) Ezekiel 3, 21
(28) Matthew 7, 13-14
(29) Nyika Proverb, Kenia and Tanzania
(30) Ali Ibn Talib (pbuh) Saying 201, Najhol-Balagha
(31) Qur´an, Sura 29, 46
(32) Matthew 26, 51-52
(33) Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Believe, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 36/55, 25th of November, 1981.
(34) Forty hadith of an-Nawawi 13
(35) Alib Ibn Talib (pbuh) Saying 10, Najhol-Balagha
(36) Sirach 4, 1-4
(37) Sirach 8, 1-2
(38) Sirach 10, 1-2; 4-5
(39) Sirach 10, 30-31
(40) Sirach 14, 5-6; 8 ; 13
(41) Sirach 26, 29; 27, 2-3
(42) Matthew 22, 36-40
